Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
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We exploit the variation in the rollout of refrigerated almond milk across US retail stores from 2008 through 2010 to estimate the causal effects on cow’s milk and soymilk. Using monthly retail store scanner data, we find that introducing almond milk reduced retail quantities of soymilk (3.6%) and lactose-free cow’s milk (3%), with smaller effects on organic (2%) and conventional cow’s milk (1%). Effects are larger in stores that adopted earlier or reached higher almond milk shares. Our econometric estimates indicate significant displacement of per capita consumption of soymilk and lactose-free cow’s milk but not conventional cow’s milk.
This article explains incentives that individuals face when deciding whether to support legislation on farm-animal treatment. We analyze precinct- and town-level voting patterns in two successful referendum votes (California’s Prop 2 and Massachusetts’s Question 3) that restricted animal-housing practices. In both cases, support for the referendum was positively correlated with support for the Democratic candidate for president and negatively correlated with employment in agriculture; support for Question 3 increased with income. We use our regression results to predict how voters in other U.S. states would have voted had they faced similar referendums in 2008 and 2016.
This article begins with a review of what has happened to U.S. domestic farm policies and related agricultural trade policies over the past 10 years. We conclude this review with a brief overview of the policies as they stand today. Then we consider potential outcomes in the 2007 Farm Bill, and their implications for U.S. agriculture and, in particular, for agriculture in the Western states. Finally, we contemplate the longer-term possibilities for meaningful, enduring reform of U.S. farm program policies.
An econometric model based on the net present value model is used to examine factors that drive the variation of California dairy quota values over a 29-year period. The results suggest the price of quota is based on expected returns, variations in quota owner liquidity, and the risk of policy default. The dominant influence on the variation of the quota price was the historical variation in monthly flow of net benefits from owning quota. This analysis confirms that the rate of return to quota rises in periods of policy uncertainty.
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