Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
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We assess the economic and political factors that underpinned the scope and magnitude of tariffs and US subsidies during the US–China trade dispute. We develop a political-economy model of tariff retaliation and compensatory subsidization and econometrically quantify the determinants of trade and subsidy policies during the trade dispute. Our empirical findings confirm that political (electoral geography of targeted commodities) and economic (optimal tariff relationships, attributes of export supply and import demand, and trade balances) factors were key determinants of US policies. China’s tariff retaliation was consistent with higher protectionism for larger sectors with extensive state ownership.
While comparative advantage factors expand agricultural trade, trade and domestic policies and gravity factors can either promote or hinder commodity trade. We use a theoretical multicountry trade model to analyze how various factors impact agricultural trade. Following previous literature, we model cross-country productivity differences using a probabilistic distribution. We then empirically implement the theoretical model to quantify the effects of various determinants of agricultural trade. Production-inhibiting policies and tariffs hinder bilateral trade, while domestic institutional quality, support programs, and land endowments expand bilateral trade.
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